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Total Water Management in the Hotel Industry

For a hotel, the continous availability of good quality water is a basic requirement for guest satisfaction. The average per capita water consumption is 1,500 litres/day.Water is needed for:

  • Rooms and restaurants for drinking
  • Central and satellite kitchens - drinking, beverages, cooking and washing of utensils and equipment
  • Bathrooms and toilets
  • Launderettes, for washing of linen and clothes
  • Air conditioning and refrigeration
  • Cooling tower
  • Boilers
  • Gardeneing
  • Swimming Pools

However, acute scarcity of water, its deteriorating quality and high costs pose problems for the industry.Here, we look at two aspects - water treatement and water conservation through waste water management.

Water Treatment

Raw water is generally from municipal supplies or borewells, in some cases supplemented by tanker water usually drawn from ground water sources. These supplies can have impurities in the form of suspended and dissolved solids, organics, bacteria and viruses, heavy metals,etc. It is important therefore to treat this water keeping in mind the health of guests as well as economics.

Various processes are available to treat any quality and quantity of water to the required quality. Water treatement has undergone radical changes in terms of technology,design,materials of construction, etc.Equipment is made of FRP( fibre reinforced plastic), the obvious advantage being that FRPvessels are lighte,corrosion resistant, and more aesthetic.Membrane technologies have revolutionised water treatment. Ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis(RO) improve the quality of treated water,give greater operational flexibility and require less chemicals.

Drinking Water:

Surface water can be filtered with sand filters and disinfected with ozone,UV, chlorine or MIOX(mixed oxidants) disinfection processes.

If water contains total hardness >50ppm, dissolved solids >500ppm and excess iron, it is not fit for human consumption.Food and water also taste different due to excess hardness in water, cooking takes longer and cooking gas consumption increases by 30%. Hard water causes deposition on utensils.Iron causes tissue damages ,loss of appetite and constipation.Softening and reverse osmosis systems help to overcome these problems, ensuring that the treated water quality is within permissible limits.An iron removal filter can be used to eliminate excess iron in water.

Bathing:

Water containing suspended impurities, hardness >100ppm, dissolved solids >500ppm, or iron will also affect the skin and hair of guests. Due to excess hardness in water, soaps and shampoos do not lather easily.Moreover, hardness and/or dissolved solids can also cause scaling and corrosion in water lines, showers and taps and on walls ,floors,bathtubs and mirrors. Not only does all this require heavy maintenance, it also reflects poorly on the hotel image.

Simple filtration with sand and activated carbon removes suspended impurities and associated problems. A softener or a reverse osmosis system eliminates excess hardness and dissolved solids, while iron removal filters eliminate problems caused by excessive iron content in water. The time required by the housekeepers to clean the room will reduce by upto 30%, thereby reducing labour and maintenance costs.

Laundry

Hard water reduces the claening power of detergents, leads to deteriotion and fading of fabrics, and reduces life of fabrics by 15%. It also reacts adversely with detergents, turning soft towels and sheets rough. Use of soft water will eliminate all these problems as well as reduce detergent requirement by 70%.

Swimming Pool

A crystal clear and hygienic swimming pool invites guests to take a refreshing dip. Most swimming pools get contaminated with bacteria and virus, cysts like crypttosporidium and the presence of algae, bio-films and slime in the distribution system. Superior disinfection using MIOX process creates more, long lasting free available residual chlorine than traditional chlorination.

Cooling Tower

Use of specially chemicals for cooling water treatment along with specific treatment programmes eliminate problems of scaling, corrosion, fouling and microbiological growth. It reduces energy losses, increases life of costly upstream equipment, saves water and pumping costs, optimises plant efficiency, and reduces maintenance costs. (An ordinary scale of CaCO3 with thickness of 0.6mm can contribute to energy losses of about 20%.)